Issue resolved when port 2087 was opened.
The "phpMyAdmin" button in user panel loads a form in a new tab, pre-filled with username and password (unfortunately, in plain text), and auto-submits said form via javascript to "
https://server-name:2087/pma/". One potential solution is to overwrite "/usr/local/cwpsrv/var/services/user_files/modules/pma.php" with a simple HTML redirect such as:
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Refresh" content="0; URL=https://server-name:2031/pma/">
</head>
However, this simply redirects the user to the PMA login page, but does not authenticate them. I personally prefer this, as the server no longer serves users' passwords to the browser, although one might argue this is a somewhat limited vector for attack.
Another solution would be to figure out how pma.php is populating the pma_user and pma_password fields and reconstructing an auto-submitting form to the correct URL at port 2031 instead of 2087, although line 2 of the file is pretty emphatic about CWP's views on decoding, and I quote: "// Copyright CentOS WebPanel, Decoding is FORBIDDEN". Good luck!